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Friday, October 05, 2018/09:07 AM/Moody’s
Investors Service
Nigeria's federal system gives the country's 36 states some fiscal flexibility and relative independence, creating scope for each one to have a different credit profile, Moody's Investors Service said in a report released yesterday.
"Nigeria's 36 states enjoy relative
decision-making autonomy, receive allocations of centrally gathered revenue and
are constitutionally empowered to generate own-source revenue.," said
Cynthia Mar, a Moody's Analyst and co-author of the report. "The
counterpoint to this freedom is a lack of centralized fiscal supervision and
regulation, which weakens the institutional framework."
The states operate within an established
institutional framework which provides a moderately robust mechanism for
distributing resources and responsibilities between federal and state entities.
States that use their fiscal flexibility to
raise own-source revenue - shielding them from oil price volatility - gain the
fullest credit advantage from this institutional framework.
A key differentiator for the states is their
ability to raise internally generated revenue (IGR), made up of income tax,
property taxes and other levies. Like VAT, IGR is relatively stable and has a
record of being resilient even when the oil price drops sharply. As such,
states which are able to raise significant IGR have more predictable revenue
and greater fiscal flexibility. Those with the highest levels of IGR are Lagos,
Ogun and Rivers.
Pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) income taxes make up
the largest portion of IGR, accounting for about two-thirds of the total. As
PAYE is levied on salaried employees, states which have more rural economies
are at a disadvantage in raising revenue in this way, whereas the reverse is
true for those states with larger urban populations working in the formal
economy.
States that successfully raise IGR also
benefit from an increased borrowing capacity. As of 2017, Lagos is the most
heavily indebted of all the states with the largest external and domestic debt
stock (approximately $2.5 billion), but has a debt to revenue ratio similar to
peers.
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