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Border Closures Begin to Take Toll on Prices

Nigeria Economy	2059 VIEWS
Nigeria Economy
2059 VIEWS

Tuesday, October 15, 2019 / 06:13 PM / By CardinalStone Research / Header Image Credit: Vanguard

Inflation surges to 11.24% YoY

According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), headline inflation rose for the first time in three months in September, advancing by 22bps to 11.24% YoY to beat Bloomberg consensus estimate of 11.00% YoY and our 11.10% YoY forecast. The price pressure was largely driven by an acceleration in food inflation (+34bps to 13.51% YoY in September), which constitutes over 50.0% of the consumer price index. We also note that core inflation rose (+27 bps to 8.94% YoY) for the first time this year in September, to further stoke overall inflationary pressures.

We attribute food inflationary pressures to the impact of border closures in August 2019. In our view, the closure of several land borders, including the bustling Seme border, to combat food smuggling, led to reduced supply of imported food and increased demand for local food produce. Specifically, the prices of popular food imports, such as rice and frozen foods, rose significantly during the review month, according to several market watchers. The prices of domestic food produce such as garri, yam, cassava and local rice also increased materially in September on higher demand pressures. Although we noted the risks to food inflation in prior communication (see our report titled "Border closures may only offer temporary subsidy reprieve"), we had expected the commencement of main harvest season to provide some offsetting impact.

Elsewhere, the first increase in core inflation in 2019 coincided with increases in Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels (HWEGF); Transport; and the Miscellaneous Goods and Services sub-indices. While we await the release the energy inflation figures, we note the reported increases in the price of PMS across some key border towns following the deployment of security operatives to clamp down on smuggling.

Figure 1: Rise in core inflationary sub-indices

Proshare Nigeria Pvt. Ltd.

Border closures could alter inflation trajectory

The impact of border closures on food inflation materially changes our expectation for headline inflation for the rest of the year. We envisage a sustained uptick in inflation in the coming months, with the borders likely to remain shut pending a compromise between Nigeria and its neighbours. Moreover, we expect further price pressure for staple foods from increased demand due to Christmas festivities. Specifically, the price of rice in particular is expected to rise given the nation's supply gap of c.2.7 million tonnes. Beyond 2019, upside risks remain on the horizon. The scheduled increase in electricity tariffs beginning in January 2020, the proposed increase in VAT to 7.5% and the implementation of the minimum wage pose material upside risks for 2020. We thus expect the Central Bank of Nigeria to maintain its tight monetary stance in the face these risks and lower near-term oil price forecasts.